Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pogauma sing'anga ya ore, migodi, migodi, migodi, zopangira madipatimenti ndi zofufuzira zasayansi zogwiritsira ntchito labotale.
B. Mfundo Yaikulu Yogwira Ntchito
Makinawa makamaka ndi opangidwa ndi thupi, maziko, spindle, disc yosuntha ya Mill, kumapeto kwa chivundikiro ndi hopper. Mphamvu imasamutsidwa ku lamba wa lamba kudzera pa lamba wamakona atatu kuti muyendetse spindle kuzungulira kwa spindle, kuti disc yopukutira yokhazikika yopukutira disc disc, kuti aphwanya zitsanzo. Kukula kwa tinthu tating'ono kumatha kusinthidwa ndi kukula kwa dzanja, spindle ndi chilema china chowongolera, ndipo gawo lokhazikika limakhala ndi doko, zomwe zimadyetsa doko. Zinthuzo zimawonjezeredwa ku doko lodyetsa pamwamba pa chivundikiro chomaliza ndikulowa pakati pa miyala iwiri. Chifukwa cha kuyesa kwa kuphwanya, chitsanzo pambuyo kuphwanya kutuluka pakati pa miyala iwiriyo ndikusintha ma cell am'mimba, kusinthitsa chilema chazinthu zofunika pambuyo pake.
